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Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: ''Magnús Óláfsson'', Norwegian: ''Magnus Olavsson''; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as Magnus Barefoot (Old Norse: ''Magnús berfœttr'', Norwegian: ''Magnus Berrføtt''),〔"Barelegs" is also often used. The various original Norse terms are ''berfœttr'', ''berbeinn'' and ''berleggr'' (Power (1986) p. 122).〕 was King of Norway (as Magnus III) from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles, and he extended his rule to the Kingdom of the Isles and Dublin. As the only son of King Olaf Kyrre, Magnus was proclaimed king in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north his claim was contested by his cousin, Haakon Magnusson (son of King Magnus Haraldsson), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095. Disgruntled members of the nobility refused to recognise Magnus after his cousin's death, but the insurrection was short-lived. After securing his position domestically, Magnus campaigned around the Irish Sea from 1098 to 1099. He raided through Orkney, the Hebrides and Mann (the Northern and Southern Isles), and ensured Norwegian control by a treaty with the Scottish king. Based on Mann during his time in the west, Magnus had a number of forts and houses built on the island and probably also obtained suzerainty of Galloway. He sailed to Wales later in his expedition, winning control of Anglesey (and possibly Gwynedd's submission) after repelling the invading Norman forces from the island. Following his return to Norway Magnus led campaigns into Dalsland and Västergötland in Sweden, claiming an ancient border with the country. After two unsuccessful invasions and a number of skirmishes Danish king Eric Evergood initiated peace talks among the three Scandinavian monarchs, fearing that the conflict would get out of hand. Magnus concluded peace with the Swedes in 1101 by agreeing to marry Margaret, daughter of the Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson. In return, Magnus gained Dalsland as part of her dowry. He set out on his final western campaign in 1102, and may have sought to conquer Ireland. Magnus entered into an alliance with Irish king Muirchertach Ua Briain of Munster, who recognised Magnus' control of Dublin. Under unclear circumstances, while obtaining food supplies for his return to Norway, Magnus was killed in an ambush by the Ulaid the next year; territorial advances characterising his reign ended with his death. Into modern times, his legacy has remained more pronounced in Ireland and Scotland than in his native Norway. Among the few domestic developments known during his reign, Norway developed a more-centralised rule and moved closer to the European model of church organisation. Popularly portrayed as a Viking warrior rather than a medieval monarch,〔Power (1994) p. 222〕 Magnus was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad, and he may in some respects be considered the final Viking king.〔 ==Background== Most information about Magnus is gleaned from Norse sagas and chronicles, which began appearing during the 12th century. The most important sources still available are the Norwegian chronicles ''Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium'' by Theodoric the Monk and the anonymous ''Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum'' (or simply ''Ágrip'') from the 1180s and the Icelandic sagas ''Heimskringla'' (by Snorri Sturluson), ''Morkinskinna'' and ''Fagrskinna'', which date to about the 1220s. While the later sagas are the most detailed accounts, they are also generally considered the least reliable. Additional information about Magnus, in particular his campaigns, is found in sources from the British Isles, which included contemporary accounts. Magnus was born around the end of 1073 as the only son of King Olaf Kyrre.〔Power (1986) p. 111〕 His mother's identity is uncertain; she is identified as Tora Arnesdatter (daughter of otherwise-unknown Arne Låge) in ''Morkinskinna'' and ''Fagrskinna'', as Tora Joansdatter in ''Heimskringla'', ''Hrokkinskinna'' and ''Hryggjarstykki''〔Førsund (2012) p. 14〕 and an unnamed daughter of "Ragnvald jarl" from Godøy, Sunnmøre in the genealogical text ''Af en gl. ætleg'' (commonly known as ''Sunnmørsættleggen'').〔Larsen and Sulebust (1994) pp. 213–214〕 The historical consensus (including P. A. Munch〔 and Claus Krag)〔 has favoured Tora Arnesdatter, but the other claims have also gained support. Anders Stølen has argued that she was a daughter of Ragnvald jarl〔Stølen (1988) p. 259〕 (who has been identified as Rognvald Brusason, Earl of Orkney by Ola Kvalsund),〔Larsen and Sulebust (1994) p. 213〕 while historian Randi Helene Førsund has considered Tora Joansdatter more likely.〔 Magnus grew up among the ''hird'' (royal retinue) of his father in Nidaros (modern Trondheim), ''de facto'' capital of Norway at the time. His father's cousin, the chieftain Tore Ingeridsson, was foster-father to Magnus. In his youth, he was apparently more similar to his warlike grandfather, King Harald Hardrada, than to his father (who bore the byname ''Kyrre'': "the Peaceful").〔Førsund (2012) pp. 14–15〕 According to Snorri Sturluson, Magnus was considered handsome and gifted in learning; although he was shorter in stature than his grandfather Harald, he was reportedly known as "Magnus the Tall".〔 Magnus' more-common byname, "Barefoot" or "Barelegs", was—according to Snorri—due to his adopting the Gaelic dress of the Irish and Scots: a short tunic, which left the lower legs bare.〔〔 Another version (by Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus) maintains that he acquired the nickname because he was forced to flee from a Swedish attack in his bare feet,〔 while a third explains that he rode barefoot (like the Irish). Due to Magnus' aggressive nature and his campaigns abroad, he also had the nickname ''styrjaldar-Magnús'' ("Warrior Magnus"〔 or "Magnus the Strife-lover").〔''Magnus Barefoot's saga'', chapter 18.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Magnus Barefoot」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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